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Pikslo deep diving | underwater interception of the nordic sea / collaborative research

Key words: sonification, sound pollution, underwater sound, underwater noise pollution, anthropogenic influence on the sea life, hydrophone, sonar, field recording, electromagnetic polution (internet cables in water), acoustic ecology, seafaring, animals, fish, jellyfish, nordic sea, DIY biologie, DIY chemistry, anthropocene, microplastic polution, interspecies empathy, embodiment, complex systems

Collaborative research project and workshop by Robertina Šebjanič (SI), Kat Austen (UK/DE), Slavko Glamočanin (SI), Gjino Šutić (CRO), Piksel team (main organiser) + workshop participants

+ associated partner / mentor of the DIY bio workshop by Cristian Delgado

Context & concept of the workshop / research:

When we look up to sky and look into the space and wonder about what is up there, we sometime forget, that there is a lot still also to explore on the planet we live. We know more about the space than we know about the world’s seas and oceans, especially about the sound perception underwater. People are not so aware of the vibrant underwater acoustic of sounds of the deepness of ocean, except for the crash of a wave against a land. Whales, shrimp, seals, dolphins, and a variety of other creatures of the deep live in a watery acoustical sonic environment. The arrival of steamships and other humanmade interventions into the ocean soundscape has contributed disturbing noise to this rich soundscape.

The workshop / project encourage an interrelationship between sound, nature, and society, as a starting point for the rethinking of the possible developed of nicer sonic environments for the animals living in the world’s oceans and sea’s. The underwater sound pollution is the reality of recent development and industrialization reflecting on the sea. Especially the upper level of the seas where there is most of the living in the seas and independent by the level of the sonic pollution in the sea. We would also try to research the deep sea level to understand what is happening there.

World seas and oceans are presenting more than 70% of surface of Earth. 97% of it is saltwater, 2% is fresh water in the form of ice and only the remaining 1% is drinking water, which is distributed around the planet very unevenly. The exploration of any ecosystem requires detailed study and observation. The ocean is the complex, challenging, and harsh environment on Earth and accessing it requires specially designed tools and technology. It has only been within the last 50 years that technology has advanced to the point that we can examine the ocean in a systematic, scientific, and non invasive way. Our ability to observe the ocean environment and its resident creatures has finally caught up with our imaginations and helping us to understand it also in the ways that we did not imagine them before.

“Already back at the renaissance 1490 Leonardo da Vinci observed how the sound of ships travelled long distances underwater. The sound of ships in the 15th century included the noise of rudders and rigging, oars and the handling of cargo. Seafaring, while not in its infancy, was a “life driven” technology; the power of wind and human muscle generated the only anthropogenic noises in the sea. Over the next 400 years, acoustic technology at sea involved innovations such as underwater bells and whistling buoys on submerged rocks and reefs to warn navigators and captains away from marine hazards. With the advent of steam powered engines, the quality and level of noise began to shift dramatically. With the ability to navigate to, and develop the far reaches of the globe, the use of dynamite and diesel driven pile drivers began transforming the soundscape of coastal waters worldwide. Once the mechanization of seafaring and coastal civil engineering took hold, ocean noise began increasing exponentially and it started to overtake also the sound scape environment of the animals” * (from the Soundscape The Journal of Acoustic Ecology)

Workshop / project During the 5 day work intense inter disciplinary research of four main mentors and collaborators did open the process of the exploration of the context of DIY biology, DIY chemistry and sound. An DIY laboratory in the context of the Piksel festival was the main environment for the workshop.

We did spend time out on the field trips to the fjords and surroundings in Bergen, to collect needed data.

Introduction to research main topic’s:

– underwater sound / noise polution

– microplastic polution

Underwater sound / noise polution

Audio summary and visualization – Pikslo Deep Dive visualization

4 hydrophone recordings we made in the sea around Bergen, Norway on 21.11.2015.

We did made with workshop participants a bunch of DIY Hydrophones and went on filed trip with boath around the fjords of Bergen with them.

Visualized by Slavko Glamočanin with OpenGL in realtime.

(00:00) outside the harbour,

(00:42) a boat passing by on the same spot,

(01:19) a secluded bay

(03:12) a point in the open

Audio recordings available here: https://www.freesound.org/people/slavko321/packs/18501/

Thanks to http://www.ultranoise.es/ aka Enrique Tomas ] for lending us the professional hydrophone (which we compared to our DIY Hydrophones 🙂

GPS locations of the audio recordings and the audio recordings coming soon..

Some photos of a great field recording trip:

Microplastic polution – DIY bio and DIY chemistry research

ALGAE MICROPLASTIC TESTING PROTOCOL

Algal Samples:

Ascophyllum nodosum – formally identified as Fucus vesiculosus, known by the common name bladder wrack or bladderwrack (bubbles)

Oarweed or Kelp (Laminaria digitata) (flat without bubbles)

Fucus serratus (second sample from outside the harbour)

Testing protocol: 1 g of each type of algae into test tubes, 4 iterations of each Stock solution of vanish – 40 g to 80 mL water Stock Iron Solution 3.75g Fe II sulphate, 4g Mexican lemon salt powder (lemon juice, citric acid, salt and sugar), 250 ml water (boiled)

To 1g of each seaweed in a small test tube add: Sample 1: 5ml Fe 5ml Percarbonate

Sample 2: 5ml Fe II aq stock 5ml Percarbonate 0.5 ml of Ajax all purpose cleaning gel

Sample 3: 5ml Fe 5ml Percarbonate 2ml Ajax

Sample 4: 5ml Fe 10 ml 3% hydrogen peroxide solution

Left standing for 10 minutes Heat to 80 degrees C then turn off heat and leave to stand.

Mareano programme, which records all instances of marine litter that the researchers find

http://mareano.no/en/about_mareano

http://mareano.no/en/maps/mareano_en.html

This has little information on the region around Bergen
Methods for analysing microplastics: http://marinedebris.noaa.gov/sites/default/files/publications-files/noaa_microplastics_methods_manual.pdf

Destroying organic compounds (for microplastic analysis):

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenton’s_reagent

(hydrogen peroxide + Fe solution)

we are using Sodium percarbonate instead of hydrogen peroxide

Venish has 30% sodium peroxide + enzimes (protein & starch digestion – protease & amylase)

http://rbeuroinfo.com/ – Venish composition
Water lab analysis out of the harbour

Temperatire 14 deg C

767 x10

760 x10

pH 6.6

Collaborative reaserch project

authors, developers of the project:

Robertina Šebjanič (SI),

Kat Austen (UK/DE),

Slavko Glamočanin (SI),

Gjino Šutić (CRO),

Production: Piksel festival, 2015

*listen also to Robertina Šebjanič Liquefying // Underwater sound scape – remixed hydrophone recordings into new acoustic sonic wave.

see also Kat Austen – Coral Empathy Device

Information from the DIY microplastic experimentation and conversations with researchers from Bergen’s Marine Institute, alongside sound recordings from the DIY hydrophone field trips, informed the design of a prototype Coral Empathy Device. The device obliterates the visual, employing sound, pressure, texture and smell to translate messages of anthropogenic marine intervention between the experience of coral in the Norwegian waters and the experience of humans on terra. Liquid to air, coral to human, the Coral Empathy Device prototype is an experiment in interspecies empathy.

Some of references and interesting readings:

“The sounds produced by marine animals are many and varied. Marine mammals, such as blue whales and harbor porpoise, produce sounds over a wide frequency range, from less than 10 Hz to over 100,000 Hz, depending on the species of marine mammal. Many fish, such as the oyster toadfish and plainfin midshipman, and some marine invertebrates, such as snapping shrimp, also produce sounds. Marine animals use sound to obtain detailed information about their surroundings. They rely on sound to communicate, navigate, and feed. Marine mammals, such as dolphins, use sound to locate and identify objects such as food, obstacles, and other whales. By emitting clicks, or short pulses of sound, and listening to the echo, dolphins can detect individual prey and navigate around objects underwater.” …. http://www.dosits.org/science/soundsinthesea/commonsounds/

Salt-Water Fish Extinction Seen By 2048

That’s when the world’s oceans will be empty of fish, predicts an international team of ecologists and economists. The cause: the disappearance of species due to overfishing, pollution, habitat loss, and climate change. The study by Boris Worm, PhD, of Dalhousie University in Halifax, Nova Scotia, — with colleagues in the U.K., U.S., Sweden, and Panama — was an effort to understand what this loss of ocean species might mean to the world. The researchers analyzed several different kinds of data. Even to these ecology-minded scientists, the results were an unpleasant surprise. http://www.cbsnews.com/news/salt-water-fish-extinction-seen-by-2048/

“New research finds there is a distinct sound coming from a massive community of fish, shrimp, jellies and squid as they travel up and down from the depths of the ocean to the water’s surface to feed. This sound could be serving as a “dinner bell” for these deep-water organisms that play a key role in ocean food webs and the global carbon cycle, and could help scientists better understand this mysterious ecosystem ….. ” https://news.agu.org/press-release/new-research-reveals-sound-of-deep-water-animal-migration/

Cnidaria jellyfish hearing under the water

….”At present there is still a dearth of research and understanding about how Cnidaria—with their ancient evolutionary history— actually perceive and adapt to their environment through acoustic energy and vibration, and how this has enabled them to survive over the eons despite their ‘simplicity.’ Marine mammal calls can actually increase ambient noise levels by 2025 underwater dB in some locations at certain times of year. Blue and fin whales produce low frequency moans at frequencies of 1025 Hz with estimated source levels of up to 190 underwater dB at 1 m. The ambient noise levels at frequencies of 1720 Hz increase off coastal California during the fall and winter months due to blue and fin whale calls.” … from the Soundscape The Journal of Acoustic Ecology http://wfae.proscenia.net/journal/scape_6.pdf

Animal Sound Perception and Production Modes

“From the preceding it is clear that many sea animals use sound in a variety of ways. Some animals use sound passively, others actively. Passive use of sound occurs when the animal does not create the sound that it senses, but responds to environmental and ambient sounds. These uses include: 1. Detection of predators. 2. Location and detection of prey. 3. Proximity perception of cospecies in school, raft or colony. 4. Navigation—either local or global. 5. Perception of changing environmental conditions such as seismic movement, tides and currents. 6. Detection of food sources and feeding of other animals. 7. “Acoustic illumination” akin to daylight vision. Active use of sound occurs when the animal creates a sound to interact with their environment or other animals in it. Active uses include: 1. Sonic communication with cospecies for breeding. 2. Sonic communication with cospecies for feeding, including notification and guidance of others to food sources. 3. Territorial and social relations. 4. Echolocation. 5. Stunning and apprehending prey. 6. Alarm calls used to notify other creatures of the approach of enemies. 7. Long distance navigation and mapping. 8. Use of sound as a defense against predators. 9. Use of sound when seized by a predator (perhaps to startle the predator).” http://wfae.proscenia.net/journal/scape_6.pdf

Arctic Hydroacoustics by H KUTSCHALEI

“Underwater sound are the permanent ice cover and the velocity structure in the water. … Sounds are transmitted to great ranges in this natural arctic waveguide.” http://pubs.aina.ucalgary.ca/arctic/Arctic22-3-246.pdf

Underwater Sound Propagation in the Arctic Ocean by H. W. Marsh and R. H. Mellen

“Some results of a four‐year experimental study of sound propagation in the Arctic are presented and interpreted. The duration, form, and intensity of waves received at distances up to 1400 km are explained using ray theory and modes, in which source characteristics, refraction, scattering at the ice surface, and bottom effects are important.” http://scitation.aip.org/content/asa/journal/jasa/35/4/10.1121/1.1918531

308 million year old tropical forest in the arctic

A recent study published in the journal Geology shared some surprising findings: the icy landscape of Svalbard, Norway was once home to an ancient tropical forest. A group of researchers from Cardiff University found fossilized tree stumps belonging to lycopsids, a tropical tree, during the course of field work in the area. http://inhabitat.com/scientists-discover-308-million-year-old-tropical-forest-in-the-arctic/
Video of plankton eating plastic http://grist.org/list/this-beautiful-video-of-plankton-eating-plastic-is-also-a-little-disturbing/?utm_source=facebook&utm_medium=update&utm_campaign=socialflow

Killer whales make waves to hunt seals

A BBC film crew has captured footage of killer whales working together to create waves to wash their vulnerable prey into the water. The predators targeted a weddell seal that was resting on a small ice floe, sweeping it off the ice to where they could attack it. Scientists who worked with the film crew said the footage revealed new insights into killer whale ecology. The team filmed the sequence for the BBC documentary Frozen Planet http://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/15308790

Underwater Sound in the Arctic Ocean (reaserch from 1965) http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/718140.pdf

Acoustics and Sonar Information Resources http://www.aticourses.com/acoustics.htm

How to make a DIY Hydrophone (stereo) http://www.freesound.org/forum/production-techniques-music-gear-tips-and-tricks/2631/?page=1#post13253

Pikslo deep diving | podvodno prisluškovanje Nordijskemu morju

[si ⇊⇊]

Pikslo deep diving | podvodno prisluškovanje Nordijskemu morju / kolaborativna raziskava

Ključne besede:
sonifikacija, zvočno onesnaženje, podvodni zvok, podvodno zvočno onesnaževanje, antropogeni vplivi na morsko življenje, hidrofon, sonar, terenski posnetki, elektromagnetno onesnaževanje (internetni kabli v vodi), akustična ekologija, pomorstvo, živali, ribe, meduze, Nordijsko morje, DIY biologija, DIY kemija, antropocen, onesnaževanje z mikroplastiko, medvrstna empatija, utelešenje, kompleksni sistemi

Filed_trip_deep_diving_02

Kolaborativni raziskovalni projekt in delavnica avtorjev:
Robertina Šebjanič (SI), Kat Austen (UK/DE), Slavko Glamočanin (SI), Gjino Šutić (HR), ekipa Piksel (glavni organizator) + udeleženci delavnice

pridruženi partner / mentor DIY bio delavnice: Cristian Delgado

Deep_diving_mentors
Deep_diving_open_lab_at_BIKS 01

Kontekst in koncept delavnice / raziskave

Ko pogledamo proti nebu in v vesolje ter se sprašujemo, kaj se nahaja tam zgoraj, včasih pozabimo, da je na planetu, na katerem živimo, še vedno ogromno neodkritega. O vesolju vemo več kot o svetovnih morjih in oceanih, še posebej o načinih zaznavanja zvoka pod vodo.

Ljudje se pogosto ne zavedamo izjemno živahnega podvodnega akustičnega okolja, zvočnih krajin morskih globin, razen zvoka valov, ki udarjajo ob obalo. Kiti, kozice, tjulnji, delfini in številna druga bitja morskih globin živijo v bogatem vodnem akustičnem – zvočnem okolju. Prihod parnikov in drugi človeški posegi v morsko zvočno krajino so v ta bogati zvočni prostor vnesli moteč hrup.

Delavnica/projekt spodbuja medsebojno povezanost med zvokom, naravo in družbo kot izhodišče za ponovno razmišljanje o možnostih razvoja bolj prijaznih zvočnih okolij za živali, ki živijo v svetovnih oceanih in morjih.

Podvodno zvočno onesnaževanje je ena od posledic sodobnega razvoja in industrializacije, ki močno vpliva na morja. Posebej prizadeta je zgornja plast oceanov, kjer živi največ morskih organizmov in kjer se posledice zvočnega onesnaženja najbolj neposredno odražajo na življenju v morju. Hkrati smo želeli raziskovati tudi globlje plasti morja, da bi razumeli, kaj se tam dogaja.

Svetovna morja in oceani pokrivajo več kot 70 % površine Zemlje. Približno 97 % te vode je slane, 2 % predstavlja sladka voda v obliki ledu, le preostalih 1 % pa je pitna voda, ki je po planetu razporejena zelo neenakomerno.

Raziskovanje katerega koli ekosistema zahteva podrobno proučevanje in opazovanje. Ocean je eno najbolj kompleksnih, zahtevnih in negostoljubnih okolij na Zemlji, dostop do njega pa zahteva posebej oblikovana orodja in tehnologije. Šele v zadnjih petdesetih letih je tehnološki razvoj omogočil, da lahko ocean proučujemo sistematično, znanstveno in neinvazivno.

Naša sposobnost opazovanja morskega okolja in njegovih prebivalcev je končno dohitela našo domišljijo ter nam omogoča razumevanje oceanov tudi na načine, ki si jih prej nismo mogli predstavljati.

»Že v času renesanse, okoli leta 1490, je Leonardo da Vinci opazil, kako se zvok ladij pod vodo širi na velike razdalje. Zvoki ladij v 15. stoletju so vključevali hrup krmil, vrvi in opreme, vesla ter premikanja tovora. Pomorstvo, čeprav takrat ni bilo več v začetni fazi razvoja, je bilo tehnologija, ki jo je vodilo življenje; moč vetra in človeških mišic sta ustvarjali edine antropogene zvoke v morju.

V naslednjih 400 letih je razvoj akustične tehnologije na morju vključeval inovacije, kot so podvodni zvonovi in žvižgajoče boje na potopljenih skalah in grebenih, ki so navigatorje in kapitane opozarjale na nevarnosti v morju.

Z uvedbo parnih motorjev se je kakovost in raven hrupa dramatično spremenila. Z zmožnostjo plovbe do najbolj oddaljenih predelov sveta in njihovega razvoja sta uporaba dinamita ter dizelsko gnanih zabijalnih naprav začeli spreminjati zvočne krajine obalnih voda po vsem svetu.

Ko sta mehanizacija pomorstva in obalno gradbeništvo postala prevladujoča, se je oceanski hrup začel eksponentno povečevati in postopoma preplavljati tudi zvočno okolje morskih živali.«

(iz revije Soundscape – The Journal of Acoustic Ecology)

Pikslo Deep Diving | Podvodno prisluškovanje nordijskemu morju

Delavnica / projekt

Med 5-dnevnim intenzivnim interdisciplinarnim raziskovalnim procesom so štirje glavni mentorji in sodelavci odprli prostor za raziskovanje kontekstov DIY biologije, DIY kemije in zvoka. Glavno okolje za izvedbo delavnice je bil DIY laboratorij v okviru festivala Piksel.

Čas smo namenili tudi terenskemu delu – odpravili smo se na izlete v fjorde in okolico Bergna, kjer smo zbirali potrebne podatke.

Uvod v glavne raziskovalne teme:

– podvodni zvok / zvočno onesnaženje
– onesnaženje z mikroplastiko

Podvodni zvok / zvočno onesnaženje

Zvočni povzetek in vizualizacija – Pikslo Deep Dive vizualizacija

1. 2015 smo v morju okoli Bergna na Norveškem izvedli štiri hidrofonne posnetke.

Skupaj z udeleženci delavnice smo izdelali več DIY hidrofonov in se z njimi odpravili na terenski izlet z ladjo po fjordih okoli Bergna.

Vizualizacijo je v realnem času z uporabo OpenGL ustvaril Slavko Glamočanin.

(00:00) zunaj pristanišča,

(00:42) mimoidoči čoln na isti lokaciji,

(01:19) osamljen zaliv,

(03:12) točka na odprtem morju.

Zvočni posnetki so dostopni tukaj:
https://www.freesound.org/people/slavko321/packs/18501/

Hvala Enrique Tomas za izposojo profesionalnega hidrofonnega sistema, ki smo ga primerjali z našimi DIY hidrofonami. 🙂

GPS lokacije zvočnih posnetkov in sami posnetki bodo objavljeni naknadno.

Nekaj fotografij odličnega terenskega snemanja:

Fjords_deep_diving_field_trip_04
Fjord_hack_field_trip_04
Deep_diving_field_trip_03
Fjords_boat_trip_deep_diving

Onesnaženje z mikroplastiko – raziskovanje DIY biologije in DIY kemije

Protokol testiranja mikroplastike v algah

Vzorci alg:

Ascophyllum nodosum – prvotno identificiran kot Fucus vesiculosus, znan kot mehurjasti bračič (bladder wrack) – z mehurčki.

Laminaria digitata – oarweed oziroma kelp (rjava alga, ploščata, brez mehurčkov).

Fucus serratus – drugi vzorec, odvzet zunaj pristanišča.

Protokol testiranja:

1 g vsake vrste alg smo dali v epruvete.

Izvedene so bile 4 ponovitve za vsak vzorec.

Osnovne raztopine:

Osnovna raztopina Vanish:
40 g sredstva v 80 ml vode.

Osnovna raztopina železa:
3,75 g železovega(II) sulfata (Fe II),
4 g mešanice mehiške limonine soli (limonin sok, citronska kislina, sol in sladkor),
250 ml vode (prekuhane).

V vsako majhno epruveto z 1 g morske alge smo dodali:

Vzorec 1:

5 ml Fe raztopine
5 ml perkarbonata

Vzorec 2:

5 ml Fe II vodne raztopine
5 ml perkarbonata
0,5 ml univerzalnega čistilnega gela Ajax

Vzorec 3:

5 ml Fe raztopine
5 ml perkarbonata
2 ml Ajaxa

Vzorec 4:

5 ml Fe raztopine
10 ml 3 % raztopine vodikovega peroksida

Pustili smo stati 10 minut.

Nato smo segreli na 80 °C, izklopili segrevanje in pustili stati.

DIY mikroplastični eksperiment:

Diy_microplastic_gjino_kat_01
Microplastic_research
Algae_collage

Program Mareano

Program Mareano beleži vse primere morskih odpadkov, ki jih raziskovalci najdejo.

http://mareano.no/en/about_mareano

http://mareano.no/en/maps/mareano_en.html

Za območje okoli Bergna je na voljo le malo informacij.

Metode analize mikroplastike

Metode za analizo mikroplastike:

http://marinedebris.noaa.gov/sites/default/files/publications-files/noaa_microplastics_methods_manual.pdf

Razgradnja organskih spojin (za analizo mikroplastike):

Fentonov reagent:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenton’s_reagent

(vodikov peroksid + raztopina železa)

Namesto vodikovega peroksida smo uporabili natrijev perkarbonat.

Vanish vsebuje približno 30 % natrijevega peroksida + encime
(za razgradnjo beljakovin in škroba – proteaza in amilaza).

Sestava Vanisha:
http://rbeuroinfo.com/

(Nadaljevanje: analiza vode iz pristanišča, sodelovalni projekt, avtorji, Coral Empathy Device, reference in literatura – v naslednjem delu.)

Nekaj referenc in zanimivih branj:

»Zvoki, ki jih proizvajajo morske živali, so zelo raznoliki. Morski sesalci, kot so modri kiti in pristaniške pliskavke, proizvajajo zvoke v zelo širokem frekvenčnem območju – od manj kot 10 Hz do več kot 100.000 Hz, odvisno od vrste morskega sesalca. Tudi številne ribe, kot sta ostrigarjeva krastača (oyster toadfish) in plainfin midshipman (vrsta morske ribe), ter nekateri morski nevretenčarji, kot so pokalice (snapping shrimp), proizvajajo zvoke.

Morske živali uporabljajo zvok za pridobivanje podrobnih informacij o svoji okolici. Na zvok se zanašajo pri komunikaciji, orientaciji in prehranjevanju. Morski sesalci, kot so delfini, uporabljajo zvok za lociranje in prepoznavanje predmetov, kot so hrana, ovire in druge živali. Z oddajanjem klikov oziroma kratkih zvočnih impulzov ter poslušanjem odmeva lahko delfini zaznajo posamezen plen in se orientirajo okoli predmetov pod vodo.«

Vir: http://www.dosits.org/science/soundsinthesea/commonsounds/

Izumrtje morskih rib do leta 2048

Takrat naj bi bili svetovni oceani brez rib, napoveduje mednarodna skupina ekologov in ekonomistov. Vzrok naj bi bil izginjanje vrst zaradi prekomernega ribolova, onesnaževanja, izgube habitatov in podnebnih sprememb.

Študija, ki jo je vodil Boris Worm, dr. znanosti z Univerze Dalhousie v Halifaxu v Novi Škotski, skupaj s sodelavci iz Združenega kraljestva, ZDA, Švedske in Paname, je bila namenjena razumevanju posledic izgube morskih vrst za svetovne ekosisteme.

Raziskovalci so analizirali različne vrste podatkov. Rezultati so bili presenetljivi celo za znanstvenike, ki se ukvarjajo z ekologijo.

Vir: http://www.cbsnews.com/news/salt-water-fish-extinction-seen-by-2048/

Novi raziskovalni podatki razkrivajo zvok globokomorske migracije živali

»Nove raziskave kažejo, da obstaja značilen zvok, ki prihaja iz ogromne skupnosti rib, kozic, meduz in lignjev, ko se premikajo gor in dol med globinami oceana in morsko gladino zaradi prehranjevanja.

Ta zvok bi lahko deloval kot nekakšen »zvon za večerjo« za te globokomorske organizme, ki imajo ključno vlogo v oceanskih prehranjevalnih mrežah in globalnem kroženju ogljika. Prav tako bi lahko znanstvenikom pomagal bolje razumeti ta skrivnostni ekosistem …«

Vir: https://news.agu.org/press-release/new-research-reveals-sound-of-deep-water-animal-migration/

Cnidaria – zaznavanje zvoka pri meduzah pod vodo

»Trenutno še vedno primanjkuje raziskav in razumevanja o tem, kako žarnjaki (Cnidaria) – z njihovo starodavno evolucijsko zgodovino – dejansko zaznavajo in se prilagajajo svojemu okolju prek akustične energije in vibracij ter kako jim je to kljub njihovi ‘preprostosti’ omogočilo preživetje skozi milijone let.

Klici morskih sesalcev lahko na nekaterih območjih in v določenih obdobjih leta povečajo raven podvodnega hrupa za 20–25 dB.

Modri in brazdasti kiti proizvajajo nizkofrekvenčne zvoke oziroma stokanje v območju 10–25 Hz, z ocenjeno izhodno močjo do 190 dB na razdalji 1 metra pod vodo.

Ravni ambientalnega hrupa pri frekvencah 17–20 Hz se ob obali Kalifornije povečajo v jesenskih in zimskih mesecih zaradi oglašanja modrih in brazdastih kitov.«

Vir: Soundscape – The Journal of Acoustic Ecology
http://wfae.proscenia.net/journal/scape_6.pdf

Zaznavanje in proizvajanje zvoka pri živalih

»Iz zgoraj navedenega je jasno, da številne morske živali uporabljajo zvok na različne načine. Nekatere živali zvok uporabljajo pasivno, druge aktivno.

Pasivna uporaba zvoka se pojavi, ko žival sama ne ustvarja zvoka, temveč se odziva na okoljske in ambientalne zvoke.

Takšne uporabe vključujejo:

zaznavanje plenilcev,
iskanje in zaznavanje plena,
zaznavanje bližine osebkov iste vrste v jatah, kolonijah ali skupinah,
navigacijo – lokalno ali globalno,
zaznavanje spreminjajočih se okoljskih pogojev, kot so seizmični premiki, plimovanje in tokovi,
zaznavanje virov hrane in prehranjevalnega vedenja drugih živali,
‘akustično osvetljevanje’ – podobno kot vidna zaznava dnevne svetlobe.

Aktivna uporaba zvoka se pojavi, ko žival sama ustvarja zvok za interakcijo z okoljem ali drugimi organizmi.

Aktivne uporabe vključujejo:

zvočno komunikacijo z osebki iste vrste za razmnoževanje,
zvočno komunikacijo pri prehranjevanju, vključno z obveščanjem in usmerjanjem drugih do virov hrane,
teritorialne in socialne odnose,
eholokacijo,
omamljanje in lovljenje plena,
opozorilne klice za obveščanje drugih živali o nevarnosti,
navigacijo na dolge razdalje in kartiranje prostora,
uporabo zvoka kot obrambe pred plenilci,
uporabo zvoka ob napadu plenilca (morda za prestrašitev plenilca).«

Vir: Soundscape – The Journal of Acoustic Ecology
http://wfae.proscenia.net/journal/scape_6.pdf

Arktična hidroakustika – H. Kutschalei

»Podvodni zvok v Arktiki določata predvsem stalna ledena odeja in struktura hitrosti širjenja zvoka v vodi.

Zvoki se lahko zaradi tega naravnega arktičnega valovoda prenašajo na zelo velike razdalje.«

Vir:
http://pubs.aina.ucalgary.ca/arctic/Arctic22-3-246.pdf

Širjenje podvodnega zvoka v Arktičnem oceanu – H. W. Marsh in R. H. Mellen

»Predstavljeni in interpretirani so rezultati štiriletne eksperimentalne raziskave širjenja zvoka na Arktiki.

Trajanje, oblika in intenziteta valov, zaznanih na razdaljah do 1400 km, so pojasnjeni z uporabo teorije žarkov in modalnih analiz, pri katerih imajo pomembno vlogo značilnosti vira, refrakcija, razprševanje na ledeni površini in vplivi morskega dna.«

Vir:
http://scitation.aip.org/content/asa/journal/jasa/35/4/10.1121/1.1918531

308 milijonov let star tropski gozd na Arktiki

Nedavna študija, objavljena v reviji Geology, je razkrila presenetljive ugotovitve: ledena pokrajina Svalbarda na Norveškem je bila nekoč dom starodavnega tropskega gozda.

Skupina raziskovalcev z Univerze Cardiff je med terenskim delom na območju odkrila fosilizirane ostanke drevesnih štorov, ki pripadajo likopodijem (lycopsids), starodavni skupini tropskih dreves.

Vir:
http://inhabitat.com/scientists-discover-308-million-year-old-tropical-forest-in-the-arctic/

Video: plankton, ki zaužije plastiko

Vir:
http://grist.org/list/this-beautiful-video-of-plankton-eating-plastic-is-also-a-little-disturbing/

Orke ustvarjajo valove za lov na tjulnje

Ekipa BBC je posnela orke, ki sodelujejo pri ustvarjanju valov, s katerimi ranljiv plen – tjulnja – sperejo z ledene plošče v vodo.

Plenilci so ciljali na weddellovega tjulnja, ki je počival na majhnem kosu ledu. Z usklajenim ustvarjanjem valov so ga spravili v vodo, kjer so ga lahko napadli.

Znanstveniki, ki so sodelovali pri snemanju, so povedali, da posnetek razkriva nova spoznanja o ekologiji ork.

Zaporedje je bilo posneto za BBC-jevo dokumentarno serijo Frozen Planet.

Vir:
http://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/15308790

Podvodni zvok v Arktičnem oceanu (raziskava iz leta 1965)

Vir:
http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/718140.pdf

Viri o akustiki in sonarnih raziskavah

Vir:
http://www.aticourses.com/acoustics.htm

Kako izdelati DIY hidrofon (stereo)

Vir:
http://www.freesound.org/forum/production-techniques-music-gear-tips-and-tricks/2631/?page=1#post13253

Prevod je pripravljen tako, da ostaja blizu izvirniku, vendar uporablja terminologijo, ki je primerna za kontekst podvodne akustike, bioakustike, zvočne ekologije in umetniško-raziskovalnih projektov.

Pikslo deep diving | underwater interception of the nordic sea | podvodno prisluškovanje Nordijskemu morju